Im Zuge von Algorithmic Governance wird zunehmend auf den Einsatz von Algorithmen und KI für Entscheidungen und deren Ausführung in der praktischen Politik zurückgegriffen. Aber wie lassen sich diese Eingriffe demokratisch legitimieren und unter gesellschaftlichen Aspekten rechtfertigen?

Der Rückgriff auf Algorithmen und datenbasierte Entscheidungsmuster sowie zunehmend auch auf KI im Rahmen der „Algorithmic Governance“ verändert die praktische Politik grundlegend. Dabei unterscheiden sich die Einsatzfelder hinsichtlich ihres Autonomiegrades. Das Spektrum reicht von klassischen Analyseleistungen bis hin zu völlig autonomen politischen Entscheidungen durch KI.

Unter dem Begriff der Algorithmic Governance wird verstärkt der Einsatz von Algorithmen als Ergänzung oder auch als vollständiger Ersatz menschlicher politischer Entscheidungen diskutiert. Kommen dabei Methoden des maschinellen Lernens und KI zum Einsatz verändert dies die Rahmenbedingungen des Regierens in der Demokratie grundlegend.

Die Informationen unserer DNA sind die persönlichsten Daten, die wir kennen. Kaum eine andere Datenkategorie erlaubt ähnlich tiefe Einblicke in die Kundenbedürfnisse. Die individuelle Zuschneidung von Angeboten kann demnach heute auch auf Basis unseres Erbgutes erfolgen, und zwar im Rahmen eines „DNA-Targetings“. Auf der Grundlage einer detaillierten Analyse des Erbgutes – vermarktet als eigenständiges Produkt, mit dem sich etwa ethnische Herkunft oder Krankheitsrisiken bestimmen ­lassen – eröffnen sich zahlreiche Einsatzmöglichkeiten, von der, „streuverlustfreien“ Kommunikation über ein DNA-basiertes Kunden-Clustering bis hin zu personalisierten Ernährungsprodukten und Medikamenten. Im internationalen Kontext spielen diese Anwendungsfälle eine noch ungleich größere Rolle als in Europa, ungeachtet der auch andernorts durchaus erkannten besonderen Datenschutzproblematik. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik ist daher auch dringend im akademischen Marketing hierzulande dringend geboten.

Citizen science allows involving interested citizen in the entire research process in science. In the past, various citizen science projects have been performed in different research fields, especially in human medicine. We conducted a rapid scoping review to determine which citizen projects in human medicine already used software-based systems to engage citizens in the research process. Furthermore, we analysed which of the software-systems are publicly available, especially in the field of rare diseases, how citizens can participate using those tools and whether the usability was rated by the participants. To get insights for our project “SelEe (Seltene Erkrankungen bürgerwissenschaftlich erforschen)”, which is a citizen science project in rare diseases funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), we aimed to identify projects in this research area. We searched PubMed for articles between 2011 and 2021 and performed a title- and abstract screening, as well as a full-text screening. Finally, 12 studies were identified in different research areas like public health, genetic research and infectious diseases. We could not identify any study directly associated with rare diseases. None of the studies investigated usability of those systems. Furthermore, five publicly available citizen science software-systems were identified. Three of them are general systems that allow creating, operating, managing citizen science projects and including citizens in the research process. In further investigations, we will check and compare these systems, if they are appropriate for use in our SelEe-project.

This paper presents a way for the hypertext community to gain strength and contribute to other fields of research by joining forces. It discusses the challenges that need to be addressed with respect to geographically scattered students and scholars, interdisciplinary courses, and students with various foreknowledge. We propose the INTR/HT project, a platform that aims for bringing hypertext scholars and students together worldwide. The interdisciplinary approach fosters creativity in the context of hypertext and is valuable for educating and supporting the next generation of hypertext scholars and researchers.

Modern browsers, as we know them from the Web, are used to query and present a variety of different resources. This usually happens by traversing links (i.e., URIs) in hypertext documents. The creation of new links however, is impossible to ordinary users, because they usually are recipients, but not owners of the received resource. In this paper, we demonstrate a browser plugin called "Weblinks", which offers its users an additional and rich linking layer over the existing Web. This enhances the notion of links as strings (i.e., URIs) in today's Web context to links as rich objects (n-ary, unidirectional, or bidirectional), which can be created, traversed or shared by anyone using the Weblinks browser plugin.

Information retrieval systems support users in finding relevant information in data sets. List layouts are wide-spread, but spatial layouts are catching up. User studies that systematically show their benefits for users are missing. We report on a comparative between-subject study with 43 participants comparing a spatial layout with a list layout. One group performed a task with a system providing semantic visualization, and the other group performed the same task with a system without semantic visualization. The results show that the users of the spatial layout had significantly more interaction with the system in shorter time, with a slightly higher outcome and higher satisfaction.

Der Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz und maschinellem Lernen verändern die Bedingungen für Mediaplanung nachhaltig. Das wirkt sich gerade auch auf das Daten basierte Programmatic Advertising aus.

Human Factors in Hypertext 2021 (HUMAN'21) is the 4th workshop in this series. It is sponsored by ACM SIGWEB and is associated to the ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media 2021, which took place between August 30th and September 2nd as a virtual event. HUMAN'21 took place on August 30th-the conference's workshop day. This year's workshop is held in a difficult time: the global Corona pandemic makes attending meetings or traveling risky for our health. It almost seems as a contradiction to the 2019 ACM Hypertext motto "tear down the wall". However, today's digital media enables us to communicate over distance or even attend larger meetings online. This also opens the question about the role of hypertext as a medium for communication-a perfect topic match for the HUMAN workshop series, which has a user-centric focus on hypertext. The user-centric view not only includes user interfaces and interaction, but also discussions about hypertext application domains. Furthermore, the workshop raises the question of how original hypertext ideas (e.g., Doug Engelbart's "augmenting human intellect" or Frank Halasz' "hypertext as a medium for thinking and communication") can improve today's hypertext systems. As such, the HUMAN workshop also appreciates previous work on hypertext systems. In order to support this, we invite researchers to give demos of vintage hypertext systems. Last year we started with Norman Meyrowitz presenting Intermedia; this year Mark Anderson has been invited to give a demo of Microcosm.

Historically, there has been a tendency to consider hypertext as a type of system, perhaps characterised by provision of links or other structure to users. In this article, we consider hypertext as a method of inquiry, a way of viewing arbitrary systems. In this view, what are traditionally called “navigational hypertext systems” might be considered as information retrieval systems. This opens the hypertext field to various other types of systems that traditionally would not be considered as part of the field. The change of view enables a deeper fusion of human and machine. In particular, today's AI-based, intelligent systems open the demand of synthesising automation (on the machine's side) and augmentation (on the user's side). This article is not about researching AI systems; it is about extending the view of hypertext systems to synthesise augmentation and automation. We specifically apply this view to intelligent systems, asking the question about how hypertext can act as a common medium between human and machine, particularly for knowledge intensive tasks. We propose spatial hypertext as a medium that enables users to create cognitive maps. Along these lines, we provide examples from multiple projects and examine how these applications can be productive.

KI und maschinelles Lernen sind in aller Munde, gerade im Marketing – aber gilt das auch für den B2B-Bereich? Welche konkreten Einsatzmöglichkeiten gibt es?

Während wir hierzulande noch über die DSGVO, die ePrivacy-Verordnung und den Umgang mit Browsercookies diskutieren, erlangt die Datenökonomie andernorts, etwa in den USA oder China, eine völlig neue Qualität: die digitale Verwertung von Informationen aus unserer DNS.

Virtual Private Network (VPN) protocols provide means for establishing secure inter-network links. However, they do not provide anonymity. VPN providers can monitor both ends of the connection. On the other hand, Onion Routing offers very good anonymity properties but offers significantly less throughput than typical VPN setups. An interesting compromise is using several VPN servers connected in series (cascading VPN). This paper evaluates the throughput of two VPN protocols, WireGuard and OpenVPN, in a cascading environment.