The memory controller of the CPU uses bank addressing functions to determine physical locations within DRAM DIMMs. There are many fields of application for these addressing functions, particularly in security. For exam- ple, many Rowhammer proofs-of-concept use bank addressing functions to select addresses located on the same bank but in different rows to produce row conflicts. AMD provides these addressing functions for older CPU models. Hence, research on reverse-engineering addressing functions mainly targeted Intel CPUs since Intel did not publish these functions. However, AMD stopped to publish the DRAM addressing functions several years ago. AMD manufactures roughly a third of the sold CPUs in today’s CPU market. We analyze reverse- engineering tools for addressing functions and find that they do not work with AMD CPUs, hindering reverse-engineering at- tempts and Rowhammer attacks on systems with AMD CPUs. In this paper, we introduce an approach to reverse-engineer the addressing functions of AMD CPUs, which facilitates future Rowhammer experiments on AMD CPUs.

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention, but the definition of "large" lacks clarity. This paper focuses on medium-sized lan-guage models (MLMs), defined as having at least six billion parameters but less than 100 billion. The study evaluates MLMs regarding zero-shot genera-tive question answering, which requires models to provide elaborate answers without external document retrieval. The paper introduces an own test da-taset and presents results from human evaluation. Results show that combin-ing the best answers from different MLMs yielded an overall correct answer rate of 82.7% which is better than the 60.9% of ChatGPT. The best MLM achieved 46.4% and has 7B parameters, which highlights the importance of using appropriate training data for fine-tuning rather than solely relying on the number of parameters. More fine-grained feedback should be used to further improve the quality of answers.

Most migraine patients need an effective acute medication. Real-world data can provide important information on the performance of acute migraine medication in clinical practice.
Methods
We used data from the German Migraine and Headache Society Headache Registry, where patients rate efficacy and tolerability of and satisfaction with each of their acute headache medications.
Results
A total of 1756 adult migraine patients (females: 85%, age: 39.5 ± 12.8 years, headache days per month: 13.5 ± 8.1) were included. Of these, 93% used acute medication, most frequently triptans (59.3%) and/or non-opioid analgesics (56.4%), and 58.5% rated efficacy as good or very good. This was more frequent for triptans (75.4%) than for non-opioid analgesics (43.6%, p < 0.001). Among non-opioid analgesics, naproxen was rated most effective (61.9% very good or good, p < 0.001 compared to ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol). Patient-rated efficacy significantly declined with higher headache frequencies (p < 0.001), and this effect remained significant after omitting patients overusing acute medication.
Conclusion
In the present population recruited at specialized headache centers, patients rated triptans as more effective than non-opioid analgesics, naproxen as more effective than ibuprofen, and acute medication efficacy decreased with increasing headache frequency.

Trial registration: The German Migraine and Headache Society Headache Registry is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS 00021081).

Makerspaces democratize technology access and therefore improve the chances for innovation and entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, we know little about how innovation happens in collaborative innovation spaces like makerspaces. To unleash the full potential of makerspaces, it is essential to understand what resources and environments support innovation for makerspace users. Against this background, this research study aims to explore how different makerspace user groups leverage makerspace resources during their innovation process. To achieve this, we use the resource-based view in combination with an open innovation perspective and examine the relevance of makerspace resources (knowledge, technology, social, and financial) during the different stages of the innovation journey (ideation, development and prototyping, commercialization and diffusion). In contrast to prior work, we focus on different makerspace user groups within an industry-specific makerspace and investigate how open innovation strategies (inbound, outbound, and coupled) are used to leverage the makerspace resources to develop innovation projects. Since the object of investigation is broadly unexplored and complex, we use an embedded single case study approach to explore 10 different projects within a makerspace with a specific focus on photonics. Photonics is described as a so-called enabling technology that carries a considerable potential for cross-industry innovation. The qualitative content analysis revealed that professional and hobby users differ in their makerspace resource use and their modes of openness across the innovation journey. Furthermore, we find that makerspaces can take the role of a facilitator or incubator depending on who uses the makerspace to innovate.

The surface topography of biodegradable polymer foils is modified by mechanical imprinting on a submillimeter length scale. The created patterns strongly influence the wetting behavior and allow the preparation of hydrophobic surfaces with controlled solid-liquid interaction. A detailed analysis of anisotropic surface patterns reveals that the observed effect arises from a combination of topographical and compositional changes that are introduced to the surface. As a main result it is found that an individual combination of material and structure is required for the production of water-repellent biopolymer foils that are highly attractive for packaging applications.

Der Hype um KI-Werkzeuge wie ChatGPT, Dall-E oder Midjourney ist ungebrochen. Ohne Frage wird generative KI das Marketing ganz grundsätzlich verändern. Unser Experte Andreas Wagener zeigt, wo KI bereits Anwendung findet und wie Sie sie nutzen können.

Der Artikel widmet sich konzeptionell den Chancen der Live-Kommunikation, die sich durch die Schaffung virtueller Welten und deren Verschmelzen mit der physischen Welt zu einem umspannenden „Metaverse“ ergeben. Ein Schwerpunkt nimmt dabei die Kommunikation via digitale Lebewesen (Virtual Beings) ein. Ziel ist es, anhand von Use-Cases und einer Analyse existierender Instrumente und Plattformen die Handlungsfelder für die Kommunikationspraxis zu ermitteln. Dabei greift der Beitrag auch auf sekundäre Marktdaten aus Asien zurück, wo die Entwicklung bereits deutlich weiter fortgeschritten ist. Nebenvirtuellen Commerce-Umgebungen sind dort von virtuellen Moderatoren begleitete Live-Shopping-Events sehr erfolgreich – was jeweils neue Herausforderungen für die Marketingkommunikation impliziert. Insgesamt dürfte der Schlüssel für den Erfolg der Live-Kommunikation im Metaverse dabei nicht in der Übertragung erprobter physischer Ansätze in die virtuelle Umgebung, sondern in der Entwicklung neuer, systemadäquater Instrumente liegen. Der Beitrag gewährt damit einen ersten Einblick zur Thematik, der Anknüpfungen für vertiefende Analysen ermöglichen soll.

• Der Begriff des „Metaverse“ umschreibt das Zusammenwachsen von virtueller und physischer Welt. Die dahinterstehende technische Entwicklung führt zu einer Veränderung der Marktbedingungen und soll neue Geschäftsmodelle ermöglichen – auch im Bereich der Festivalökonomie. Der Text widmet sich den Chancen und Herausforderungen die das Metaverse der Veranstaltungs- und Musikbranche und dabei insbesondere dem Metal-Segment sowie den einschlägigen Festivals im Metaversum eröffnet. Der Beitrag nähert sich dem Thema konzeptionell, auf Basis einer ethnographischen Analyse von Use Cases, deren Übertragbarkeit auf diesen Kontext untersucht wird. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Inszenierung von Live-Musik im Bereich des Metals im virtuellen Raum aktuell nur mit Einbußen des Festivalflairs und des Erlebnischarakters möglich ist, jedenfalls dann, wenn herkömmliche „physische“ Festival-Erfahrungen als Maßstab herangezogen werden. Potenziale ergeben sich jedoch durch den Vertrieb virtueller Güter und die Nutzbarmachung digitaler Services als Verlängerung der Vermarktungswertkette von Konzertevents. Insgesamt bedarf es einer medienadäquaten Inszenierung und des angemessenen Rückgriffs auf einschlägige Instrumente der virtuellen Sphäre um in diesem Kontext erfolgreich zu sein.…
• The term "metaverse" describes the merging of the virtual and physical world. The underlying technical development leads to a change in market conditions and should enable new business models - also in the area of the festival economy. The text is dedicated to the opportunities and challenges that the metaverse opens up for the event and music industry, especially for the metal segment and respective festivals. The article approaches the topic conceptually, on the basis of an ethnographic analysis of use cases, whose transferability to this context is examined. It is shown that the staging of live music in the field of metal in virtual space is currently only possible with a loss of festival flair and entertainment quality, at least if conventional "physical" festival experiences are taken as yardstick. However, there is potential in the distribution of virtual goods and the utilisation of digital services as an extension of the value chain of concert events and festivals. All in all, a media-adequate staging and the appropriate use of relevant instruments of the virtual sphere are needed to be successful in this context.